## Lesson Five
\n### Incidental Characteristics of Letters (Rules of Tajwid)<\/p>\n
These are the characteristics that affect a letter depending on its **vowel, its proximity to another letter, or the characteristics and vowel of the neighboring letter**.<\/p>\n
They are divided into **four sections**:<\/p>\n
1. Tafkh\u012bm and Tarq\u012bq (Heaviness and Lightness)
\n2. Idgh\u0101m (Assimilation)
\n3. Rules of the Silent N\u016bn, Tanw\u012bn, and Silent M\u012bm
\n4. Shortening and Lengthening (Qa\u1e63r and Madd)<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# 1. Tafkh\u012bm and Tarq\u012bq<\/p>\n
**Tafkh\u012bm** in language means **thickening or magnifying**, and its opposite is **Tarq\u012bq**, meaning **lightening or thinning**.<\/p>\n
In technical terms:<\/p>\n
– **Tafkh\u012bm** is the heavy sound produced when the back of the tongue rises toward the upper palate (uvula area).
\n– **Tarq\u012bq** occurs when the back of the tongue lowers and spreads, producing a lighter sound.<\/p>\n
These rules particularly concern the letters **L\u0101m (\u0644)** and **R\u0101\u2019 (\u0631)**.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# The L\u0101m in the Word \u201cAllah\u201d (L\u0101m al\u2011Jal\u0101lah)<\/p>\n
The vowel preceding the word **Allah** determines whether the **L\u0101m** is pronounced heavy or light.<\/p>\n
### The L\u0101m is pronounced heavy (Tafkh\u012bm) when:<\/p>\n
– It is preceded by a **fatha** or **damma**, for example:
\n*huwa All\u0101h* (\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647)
\n*na\u1e63ru All\u0101h* (\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647)<\/p>\n
– It is preceded by a **long alif or long w\u0101w**, for example:
\n*wa l\u0101 taj\u2018al\u016b All\u0101h* (\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647)
\n*wa m\u0101 All\u0101hu bigh\u0101fil* (\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0644)<\/p>\n
– When the recitation **begins with the word Allah**, for example:
\n*All\u0101hu l\u0101 il\u0101ha ill\u0101 huwa al\u2011\u1e25ayy al\u2011qayy\u016bm*.<\/p>\n
### The L\u0101m is pronounced light (Tarq\u012bq) when:<\/p>\n
– It is preceded by a **kasra**, for example:
\n*bismi\u2011ll\u0101h* (\u0628\u0633\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647)
\n*\u0101y\u0101ti\u2011ll\u0101h* (\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647)<\/p>\n
– It is preceded by a **long y\u0101\u2019**, for example:
\n*yuj\u0101dilu f\u012b All\u0101h* (\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647)<\/p>\n
– When preceded by the **preposition l\u0101m**, for example:
\n*inn\u0101 li\u2011ll\u0101hi wa inn\u0101 ilayhi r\u0101ji\u02bf\u016bn* (\u0625\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0648\u0646)<\/p>\n
– Also in the case of **meeting of two suk\u016bns**, such as:
\n*a\u1e25adun All\u0101hu a\u1e63\u2011\u1e63amad*.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# Rules of the Letter R\u0101\u2019 (\u0631)<\/p>\n
After discussing the rules of **L\u0101m**, we move to the rules of **R\u0101\u2019**, which can be either heavy or light depending on vowels.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
## Cases Where R\u0101\u2019 is Heavy (Tafkh\u012bm)<\/p>\n
– When **R\u0101\u2019 is vowelled with fatha or damma**, for example:
\n*rabban\u0101*, *faraja\u02bfa*, *qar\u0101ran*.<\/p>\n
– When **R\u0101\u2019 is silent and preceded by a letter with fatha or damma**, for example:
\n*Maryam*, *turja\u02bf\u016bn*, *mar\u02bf\u0101h\u0101*.<\/p>\n
– When **R\u0101\u2019 is silent at a stopping point**, preceded by a silent letter (not **b\u0101\u2019**) and before it a **fatha or damma**, for example:
\n*wal\u2011fajr*, *wal\u2011\u02bfa\u1e63r*, *f\u012b al\u2011gh\u0101r*, *shak\u016br khusr*.<\/p>\n
– When **R\u0101\u2019 is silent and preceded by an original kasra but followed by a letter of elevation (isti\u02bfl\u0101\u2019) with fatha**, for example:
\n*qir\u1e6d\u0101s*, *mir\u1e63\u0101d*, *firqa*.<\/p>\n
– When **R\u0101\u2019 is silent and preceded by a connecting hamzah (hamzat al\u2011wa\u1e63l)**, for example:
\n*am irt\u0101b\u016b*, *alladh\u012b irta\u1e0d\u0101*, *in irt\u0101b\u016b*.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
## Cases Where R\u0101\u2019 is Light (Tarq\u012bq)<\/p>\n
– When **R\u0101\u2019 has kasra**, for example:
\n*rizqan*, *far\u012bqan*.<\/p>\n
– When **R\u0101\u2019 is silent and preceded by an original kasra and not followed by a letter of elevation**, for example:
\n*Fir\u02bfawn*, *miryah*, *u\u1e25\u1e63irtum*.<\/p>\n
Exception: the word **(\u0641\u0650\u0631\u0652\u0642)** may be pronounced heavy or light in both stopping and continuing.<\/p>\n
– When **R\u0101\u2019 is silent at a stop**, preceded by a silent letter and before it a **kasra**, for example:
\n*si\u1e25r*, *dhikr*, *khab\u012br*, *ba\u1e63\u012br*.<\/p>\n
Exception: **Mi\u1e63r (\u0645\u0635\u0631)** and **Qi\u1e6dr (\u0642\u0637\u0631)** are pronounced heavy **when stopping**.<\/p>\n
– When **R\u0101\u2019 is silent at a stop**, preceded by a **silent y\u0101\u2019 that itself follows a fatha (a soft y\u0101\u2019)**, for example:
\n*khayr*, *\u1e6dayr*, *ghayr*.<\/p>\n
– The **R\u0101\u2019 in the word (\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0647\u064e\u0627)** in Surah **H\u016bd (11:41)** is pronounced light due to **im\u0101lah**, meaning the sound of the **fatha and alif inclines toward kasra and y\u0101\u2019**, making it sound like:
\n*majr\u012bh\u0101*.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
## Lesson Five ### Incidental Characteristics of Letters (Rules of Tajwid) These are the characteristics that affect a letter depending on its **vowel, its proximity to another letter, or the characteristics and vowel of the neighboring letter**. They are divided into **four sections**: 1. Tafkh\u012bm and Tarq\u012bq (Heaviness and Lightness) 2. Idgh\u0101m (Assimilation) 3. Rules …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":30309,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":3,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1498],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30311","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-koran-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30311","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30311"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30312,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30311\/revisions\/30312"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30311"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}