## Lesson Six
\n### 2. Idgh\u0101m (Assimilation)<\/p>\n
Idgh\u0101m is an **incidental characteristic of letters**.<\/p>\n
– **Linguistically:** it means *insertion or merging*, that is, inserting one thing into another.
\n– **In Tajw\u012bd terminology:** it occurs when **a silent letter meets a vowelled letter under specific conditions**.<\/p>\n
### How Idgh\u0101m Occurs<\/p>\n
When **two letters meet**, the first **silent (s\u0101kin)** and the second **vowelled**, the silent letter is merged into the vowelled one so that **they become a single letter**.<\/p>\n
– If the assimilation causes the **first letter to disappear completely**, it is called **Complete Idgh\u0101m**.
\n– If some of the first letter remains, it is called **Incomplete Idgh\u0101m**.<\/p>\n
Incomplete idgh\u0101m is often called **Idgh\u0101m with Ghunnah (nasalization)** because it lacks the full strength of complete assimilation.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# Types of Idgh\u0101m<\/p>\n
Idgh\u0101m is divided into three categories:<\/p>\n
1. **Idgh\u0101m of Identical Letters (Al\u2011Mutam\u0101thilayn)**
\n2. **Idgh\u0101m of Similar Letters (Al\u2011Mutaj\u0101n\u012bsayn)**
\n3. **Idgh\u0101m of Close Letters (Al\u2011Mutaq\u0101ribayn)**<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# 1. Idgh\u0101m of Identical Letters (Al\u2011Mutam\u0101thilayn)<\/p>\n
This occurs when **two letters are identical in both articulation point and characteristics**.<\/p>\n
It may occur:<\/p>\n
– **Within the same word**, such as:
\n*yudrikkum al\u2011mawt* (\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a)<\/p>\n
– **Between two words**, such as:
\n*i\u1e0drib bi\u02bfa\u1e63\u0101k* (\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0643)<\/p>\n
When the assimilation involves **N\u016bn (\u0646)** or **M\u012bm (\u0645)**, it occurs **with ghunnah (nasal sound)** lasting **two vowel counts**, for example:<\/p>\n
– *lahum m\u0101 yash\u0101\u02be\u016bn* (\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0646)
\n– *in na\u1e25nu ill\u0101 bashar* (\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631)<\/p>\n
### Cases Where Idgh\u0101m is Prevented<\/p>\n
Idgh\u0101m does **not occur** when it comes **after the long vowels y\u0101\u2019 or w\u0101w**, such as:<\/p>\n
– *f\u012b Y\u016bsuf* (\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641)
\n– *q\u0101l\u016b wa hum* (\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0645)<\/p>\n
However, if the assimilated letter is a **soft letter**, assimilation must occur, such as:<\/p>\n
– *\u02bfa\u1e63aw wa k\u0101n\u016b* (\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627)
\n– *\u0101waw wa na\u1e63ar\u016b* (\u0622\u0648\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0627)<\/p>\n
In the phrase **(\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0644\u0643)** there is permission in the recitation of **\u1e24af\u1e63** to either **pause slightly (sakt)** or perform **idgh\u0101m**.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# 2. Idgh\u0101m of Similar Letters (Al\u2011Mutaj\u0101n\u012bsayn)<\/p>\n
This occurs when **two letters share the same articulation point but differ in their characteristics**.<\/p>\n
There are **seven occurrences in the Qur\u2019an**, some producing **complete idgh\u0101m** and others **incomplete**.<\/p>\n
Examples of **complete assimilation** include:<\/p>\n
1. **D\u0101l with T\u0101\u2019**
\nExample: *qad tabayyana* (\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646)
\nand the reverse **T\u0101\u2019 with D\u0101l**:
\n*uj\u012bbat da\u02bfwatukum\u0101* (\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627)<\/p>\n
2. **T\u0101\u2019 with \u1e6c\u0101\u2019**
\nExample: *fa \u0101manat \u1e6d\u0101\u02beifah* (\u0641\u0622\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629)
\nand the reverse **\u1e6c\u0101\u2019 with T\u0101\u2019**:
\n*basa\u1e6dta*, *farra\u1e6dtum* (\u0628\u0633\u0637\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0651\u0637\u062a\u0645)<\/p>\n
3. **Dh\u0101l with \u1e92\u0101\u2019**
\nExample: *idh \u1e93alam\u016b* (\u0625\u0630 \u0638\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627)<\/p>\n
4. **Th\u0101\u2019 with Dh\u0101l**
\nExample: *yalhath dh\u0101lik* (\u064a\u0644\u0647\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643)<\/p>\n
5. **B\u0101\u2019 with M\u012bm**
\nThis occurs **once in the Qur\u2019an**, for example:
\n*irkab ma\u02bfan\u0101* (\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627)<\/p>\n
Here the assimilation is **complete with ghunnah**, and after assimilation it is pronounced like:<\/p>\n
**irkam\u2011ma\u02bfan\u0101**.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# 3. Idgh\u0101m of Close Letters (Al\u2011Mutaq\u0101ribayn)<\/p>\n
These are letters that are **close in articulation point and characteristics**, and sometimes share certain qualities.<\/p>\n
They may occur **within one word or between two words**, and the assimilation may be **complete or incomplete**.<\/p>\n
There are **four cases**:<\/p>\n
### 1. L\u0101m assimilated into R\u0101\u2019<\/p>\n
The assimilation is **complete**, such as:<\/p>\n
– *qul rabb* (\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0628)
\n– *bal rafa\u02bfahu* (\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u0647)<\/p>\n
Exception:
\n**(\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0646)** because it contains a **light pause (saktah)**, so idgh\u0101m does not occur.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
### 2. L\u0101m of the Definite Article (Al\u2011) with the Sun Letters<\/p>\n
When the **L\u0101m of the definite article (Al\u2011)** is followed by one of the **sun letters (except L\u0101m)**, assimilation occurs.<\/p>\n
This is called **Solar Assimilation (Idgh\u0101m Shams\u012b)**.<\/p>\n
Examples:<\/p>\n
– *at\u2011Taww\u0101b* (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628)
\n– *ath\u2011thuluth* (\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b)
\n– *ad\u2011d\u012bn* (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646)
\n– *adh\u2011dhanb* (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0628)<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
### 3. N\u016bn S\u0101kinah or Tanw\u012bn with Certain Letters<\/p>\n
When **N\u016bn s\u0101kinah or tanw\u012bn** meets one of the five letters gathered in the phrase:<\/p>\n
**(\u0644\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0631)**<\/p>\n
– With **\u0645\u060c \u0644\u060c \u0631** the assimilation is **complete**, such as:
\n*min rabbihim* (\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645)
\n*min ladunhu* (\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0646\u0647)
\n*min m\u0101l* (\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644)<\/p>\n
– With **\u0648\u060c \u064a** the assimilation is **incomplete**, such as:
\n*min wal\u012b* (\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a)
\n*an yaq\u016blanna* (\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0646)<\/p>\n
Assimilation **does not occur within the middle of a single word**. Examples in the Qur\u2019an include:<\/p>\n
– *\u1e63inw\u0101n* (\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646)
\n– *qinw\u0101n* (\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646)
\n– *duny\u0101* (\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627)<\/p>\n
Also, idgh\u0101m does **not occur in the phrase**:<\/p>\n
– *man r\u0101q* (\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0642)<\/p>\n
because it contains a **light pause in Surah al\u2011Qiy\u0101mah**.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
### 4. Q\u0101f assimilated into K\u0101f<\/p>\n
When **Q\u0101f (\u0642)** is followed by **K\u0101f (\u0643)**, assimilation occurs **completely**.<\/p>\n
This appears **once in the Qur\u2019an**:<\/p>\n
– *alam nakhluqkum* (\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062e\u0644\u0642\u0643\u0645).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
## Lesson Six ### 2. Idgh\u0101m (Assimilation) Idgh\u0101m is an **incidental characteristic of letters**. – **Linguistically:** it means *insertion or merging*, that is, inserting one thing into another. – **In Tajw\u012bd terminology:** it occurs when **a silent letter meets a vowelled letter under specific conditions**. ### How Idgh\u0101m Occurs When **two letters meet**, the first …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":30309,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":2,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1498],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30313","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-koran-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30313","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30313"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30313\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30315,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30313\/revisions\/30315"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30313"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30313"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30313"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}