## Chapter Four
\n### Lesson Eight
\n# Madd and Qasr (Lengthening and Shortening)<\/p>\n
### Madd (Lengthening)<\/p>\n
**Linguistically**, *madd* means **prolongation and increase**, as in the verse:<\/p>\n
> \u201cAnd He will increase you in wealth and children.\u201d
\n> *(i.e., He will give you more)*<\/p>\n
The sign of madd is written like this: **(~)**.<\/p>\n
**In Tajw\u012bd terminology**, madd means **prolonging the sound by using the three long vowel letters** found together in the word from the Qur\u2019anic phrase:<\/p>\n
**(\u0646\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0647\u0627)**<\/p>\n
These are:<\/p>\n
– **W\u0101w (\u0648)**
\n– **Y\u0101\u2019 (\u064a)**
\n– **Alif (\u0627)**<\/p>\n
These are called **the letters of madd (long vowels)**.<\/p>\n
Madd has **two causes**:<\/p>\n
– A **vowelled hamzah (\u0621)**
\n– A **suk\u016bn (silence)**<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# Qasr (Shortening)<\/p>\n
Qasr means **limiting oneself to the natural lengthening only**, without adding extra prolongation.<\/p>\n
Examples:<\/p>\n
– **\u0642\u0627\u0644** (q\u0101la)
\n– **\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644** (yaq\u016blu)
\n– **\u0642\u064a\u0644** (q\u012bla)<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# Natural Madd (Al\u2011Madd al\u2011Tab\u012b\u02bf\u012b)<\/p>\n
This is the **original or inherent madd**.<\/p>\n
It occurs when **a letter of madd appears without any additional cause requiring lengthening**, as in the examples:<\/p>\n
– \u0642\u0627\u0644
\n– \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644
\n– \u0642\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n
Its length is **two vowel counts (two \u1e25arak\u0101t)** only, equivalent to **one alif**, and **no madd sign (~)** appears above it.<\/p>\n
### Note<\/p>\n
The duration of **one vowel count (\u1e25arakah)** equals the time needed to pronounce **one vowelled letter**, depending on the speed of recitation:<\/p>\n
– **Ta\u1e25q\u012bq** (slow recitation)
\n– **Tadw\u012br** (moderate recitation)
\n– **\u1e24adr** (fast recitation)<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# Secondary Madd (Al\u2011Madd al\u2011Far\u02bf\u012b)<\/p>\n
This occurs when **a madd letter is followed by a cause for lengthening**, meaning that **after the madd letter comes either a hamzah or a suk\u016bn**.<\/p>\n
It has several types.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# 1. Connected Madd and Separated Madd<\/p>\n
The reason for both is the **occurrence of a hamzah after the madd letter**.<\/p>\n
### Connected Madd (Al\u2011Madd al\u2011Mutta\u1e63il)<\/p>\n
If the **hamzah occurs in the same word**, it is called connected madd.<\/p>\n
Examples:<\/p>\n
– \u0634\u0627\u0621
\n– \u0633\u064a\u0626\u062a
\n– \u0633\u0648\u0621<\/p>\n
Its length is **four counts (moderate length)** according to the recitation of **\u02bf\u0100\u1e63im as narrated by \u1e24af\u1e63 through al\u2011Sh\u0101\u1e6dibiyyah**.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
### Separated Madd (Al\u2011Madd al\u2011Munfa\u1e63il)<\/p>\n
If the **hamzah occurs in the next word**, it is called separated madd.<\/p>\n
Examples:<\/p>\n
– **\u0625\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631**
\n– **\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645**
\n– **\u0625\u0646\u064a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u062a**<\/p>\n
Its length is also **four counts**.<\/p>\n
The difference between them:<\/p>\n
– **Connected madd:** lengthening is **obligatory**.
\n– **Separated madd:** lengthening is **permissible**.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# 2. Necessary Madd (Al\u2011Madd al\u2011L\u0101zim)<\/p>\n
This is the madd **followed by a permanent suk\u016bn**, meaning the suk\u016bn remains both in **continuation and when stopping**.<\/p>\n
Its length is **six counts**, and it is **not shortened according to the agreement of scholars**.<\/p>\n
It has **four types**:<\/p>\n
– Word\u2011based heavy
\n– Word\u2011based light
\n– Letter\u2011based heavy
\n– Letter\u2011based light<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
## 1. Heavy Word Madd (Al\u2011Kalim\u012b al\u2011Muthaqqal)<\/p>\n
Occurs when the madd letter is followed by a **doubled (shaddah) letter**, meaning assimilation occurs within the same word.<\/p>\n
Example:<\/p>\n
– **\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646**<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
## 2. Light Word Madd (Al\u2011Kalim\u012b al\u2011Mukhaffaf)<\/p>\n
Occurs when the madd letter is followed by a **silent letter that is not doubled**.<\/p>\n
Example:<\/p>\n
– **\u0622\u0644\u0622\u0646**<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
## 3. Heavy Letter Madd (Al\u2011\u1e24arf\u012b al\u2011Muthaqqal)<\/p>\n
Occurs in the **disconnected letters (\u1e25ur\u016bf al\u2011muqa\u1e6d\u1e6da\u02bf\u0101t)** at the beginning of some Qur\u2019anic chapters.<\/p>\n
It appears in a letter whose spelling consists of **three letters**, the **middle one being a madd letter**, and the last one **assimilated into a similar letter that follows it**.<\/p>\n
Example:<\/p>\n
– **\u0627\u0644\u0645** (Alif L\u0101m M\u012bm)<\/p>\n
Also:<\/p>\n
– **\u0633\u0645** pronounced *S\u012bn M\u012bm*, where assimilation occurs in pronunciation.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
## 4. Light Letter Madd (Al\u2011\u1e24arf\u012b al\u2011Mukhaffaf)<\/p>\n
Occurs when the letter consists of **three letters**, the middle one is a **madd letter**, and the last letter **is not assimilated (not doubled)**.<\/p>\n
Examples:<\/p>\n
– **\u062d\u0645** (\u1e24\u0101 M\u012bm)
\n– **\u0642** (Q\u0101f)
\n– **\u0646** (N\u016bn)<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
### The Disconnected Letters<\/p>\n
There are **fourteen letters** in the Qur\u2019an after removing repetition.<\/p>\n
They are gathered in the phrase:<\/p>\n
**(\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0647)**<\/p>\n
Some of them consist of **two letters**, gathered in the phrase:<\/p>\n
**(\u062d\u064a \u0637\u0647\u0631)**<\/p>\n
They are pronounced as:<\/p>\n
– **\u062d\u0627 \u060c \u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0637\u0627 \u060c \u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0631\u0627**<\/p>\n
Others consist of **three letters**, gathered in the phrase:<\/p>\n
**(\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0639\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0645)**<\/p>\n
They are pronounced like:<\/p>\n
– **\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0641 \u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0644\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0641 \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0645**<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# 3. Temporary Madd (Al\u2011Madd al\u2011\u02bf\u0100ri\u1e0d)<\/p>\n
This is madd caused by a **temporary suk\u016bn when stopping at the end of a word**. If recitation continues, the suk\u016bn disappears.<\/p>\n
Examples:<\/p>\n
– **\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646**
\n– **\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645**<\/p>\n
(The **n\u016bn** in *al\u2011\u02bf\u0101lam\u012bn* becomes vowelled when continuing recitation.)<\/p>\n
For this type of madd, three options are allowed:<\/p>\n
– **Shortening:** 2 counts
\n– **Moderate length:** 4 counts
\n– **Long length:** 6 counts<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
**End of the book: \u201cSummary of Tajw\u012bd\u201d (Corrected New Edition).**<\/p>\n
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
# Index<\/p>\n
### Some References<\/p>\n
1. *Tajw\u012bd \u0100s\u0101n* \u2014 Dr. Hamid Reza Mostafid
\n2. *Hilyat al\u2011Qur\u2019an*
\n3. *The Seven Qur\u2019anic Readings* \u2014 Haidar Kasmaei
\n4. Specialized courses in Qur\u2019anic readings by Dr. Salim Jari \u2014 Dar al\u2011Sayyidah Ruqayyah
\n5. Special lessons in analytical Tajw\u012bd \u2014 Haidar Kasmaei \u2014 Dar al\u2011Sayyidah Ruqayyah
\n6. Organized Tajw\u012bd notes prepared by Ustadh Haidar al\u2011Ka\u2018bi (based on authoritative Tajw\u012bd books)
\n7. *Am\u0101l\u012b al\u2011\u1e62ad\u016bq*, transmitted through *\u02bfUy\u016bn Akhb\u0101r al\u2011Ri\u1e0d\u0101* (peace be upon him)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
## Chapter Four ### Lesson Eight # Madd and Qasr (Lengthening and Shortening) ### Madd (Lengthening) **Linguistically**, *madd* means **prolongation and increase**, as in the verse: > \u201cAnd He will increase you in wealth and children.\u201d > *(i.e., He will give you more)* The sign of madd is written like this: **(~)**. **In Tajw\u012bd terminology**, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":30309,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1498],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30316","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-koran-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30316","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30316"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30316\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30317,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30316\/revisions\/30317"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30316"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30316"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wilayah.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30316"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}