In the Realm of the Husseini Epic by Abdul Sattar Al-Jabri 9

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**The Effects of the Revolution of Imam al‑Husayn (peace be upon him)**

The revolution of Imam al‑Husayn (peace be upon him) was a great revolution, for the one who carried it out was the infallible Imam, and the infallible Imam is great; and only something great can fully encompass what is great. Yet what cannot be wholly attained should not be entirely abandoned. Therefore, whatever our limited intellects and modest capacities can perceive of the effects of that great uprising, we attempt to record in these lines, asking God Almighty for success and guidance.

**First: Correcting Social Deviation**

Social deviation during the time of Imam al‑Husayn (peace be upon him) had reached its peak to the extent that people no longer cared about the matters of religion or the values of Islam. They accepted the domination of Yazid ibn Mu‘awiyah over them with open acceptance and did not object to Mu‘awiyah’s arrangement for this succession. The objection that did arise from some leaders of Quraysh was essentially political, for those leaders believed that they themselves had a right to rule based on the system established by the Saqifah, which had made the rotation of authority within the clans of Quraysh the governing principle. Their objection was not out of religious concern nor out of opposition to corruption.

Mu‘awiyah established the principle of hereditary rule, which later became a customary practice in political authority.

Among the effects of the revolution of Imam al‑Husayn (peace be upon him) was the breaking of social submission and passivity. This produced rapid consequences, the first of which was the uprising of Medina against Yazid, followed by the revolt of Ibn al‑Zubayr and the revolt of al‑Mukhtar. As a result, three political forces emerged on the stage, each possessing a social base that supported it and was ready to sacrifice for it.

The Shi‘a gathered around al‑Mukhtar and declared revolt against both Ibn al‑Zubayr and the Umayyads, with their center in Kufa. The supporters of the family of al‑Zubayr were centered in the Hijaz and had allies among Arab tribes stretching from the Hijaz to Iraq, Syria, and Egypt. The Zubayrids nearly succeeded in controlling the Islamic world had it not been for al‑Mukhtar’s break with them and the expansion of his authority to Mosul and the outskirts of Basra, as well as the defeat suffered by the supporters of Ibn al‑Zubayr against the supporters of the Umayyads in Jordan. The Umayyads themselves were centered in Syria.

The struggle between these three centers lasted for two years, after which power was consolidated under ‘Abd al‑Malik ibn Marwan.

All of this was an objective outcome of the revolution of the Master of Martyrs (peace be upon him). Through it, people were freed from the doctrine of absolute obedience to the ruler, no matter how unjust he might be. The ruler became subject to accountability, and societies began to think about liberating themselves from the yoke of tyranny and oppression.